abstract
Hlau yog cov hlau alloy uas muaj hlau thiab C (carbon), Si (silicon), Mn (manganese), P (phosphorus), S (sulfur) thiab lwm yam khoom me me. Ntxiv rau Fe (hlau), C cov ntsiab lus plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov khoom siv hlau. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab dav siv cov khoom siv hlau hauv engineering technology.
ferrous hlau thiab non-ferrous hlau
Ferrous hlau
Lo lus "ferrous hlau" yog hais txog txhua yam ferrous hlau (hlau thiab hlau alloys) xws li steel, npua hlau, hlau alloys, cam khwb cia hlau, thiab lwm yam. Hlau thiab npua hlau yog alloys raws li hlau nrog carbon raws li lub ntsiab. Lawv tau sau ua ke hu ua hlau-carbon alloys.
Npua hlau yog hais txog cov khoom tsim los ntawm smelting hlau ore nyob rau hauv lub qhov cub tawg thiab yog siv los smelt steel thiab tsim castings.
cam khwb cia npua hlau yog smelted nyob rau hauv ib tug hlau melting rauv kom tau cam khwb cia hlau (kua, hlau-carbon alloy nrog ib tug carbon ntsiab lus ntau tshaj 2.11%), thiab cov kua cam khwb cia hlau yog poured rau hauv ib tug casting. Qhov no yog li cas cam khwb cia hlau qhov chaw tau los ua.
Ferroalloy yog ib qho alloy uas muaj hlau thiab silicon, manganese, chromium, titanium thiab lwm yam khoom. Ferroalloy yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv raw rau kev ua hlau. Nws yog siv los ua deoxidizer thiab alloying ntsiab additive rau steel thaum lub sij hawm ua steel.
Hlau-carbon alloys nrog cov ntsiab lus carbon tsawg dua 2.11% yog hu ua hlau. Hlau yog tau los ntawm kev muab npua hlau rau hauv lub qhov cub ua steel thiab yaj nws raws li ib qho txheej txheem. Cov khoom siv hlau muaj xws li steel ingots, nruam casting billets thiab ncaj qha casting ntawm ntau yam steel castings. Hlau feem ntau yog hais txog steel dov rau hauv ntau yam khoom steel.
Ferrous hlau yog hlau nplaum, muaj zog thiab tawv vim lawv cov ntsiab lus hlau, thiab cov ntaub ntawv no feem ntau siv hauv kev tsim tsev, cov kav dej loj, cov thawv ntim khoom thiab kev siv engineering. Ferrous hlau kuj muaj cov pa roj carbon ntau thiab yog li muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau rau xeb hauv qhov chaw ntub dej (tshwj tsis yog cov hlau tsis muaj hlau, uas muaj cov ntsiab lus chromium siab, thiab cov hlau wrought, uas muaj cov ntsiab lus hlau ntshiab).
Cov hlau no feem ntau muaj zog thiab ruaj khov, ua rau lawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev tsim kho thiab engineering. Cov qauv loj xws li skyscrapers thiab txuas hniav muaj ferrous hlau. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov hlau ferrous tuaj yeem pom hauv cov thawv ntim khoom, cov kav dej, tsheb, tsheb ciav hlau, thiab cov cuab yeej hauv tsev.
Hlau Tsis-ferrous
Cov hlau tsis muaj hlau xa mus rau cov hlau thiab cov hlau tsis yog hlau, xws li tooj liab, tin, txhuas, zinc, txhuas, tooj dag, tooj liab, txhuas alloys thiab cov kabmob alloys. Tsis tas li ntawd, chromium, npib tsib xee, manganese, molybdenum, cobalt, vanadium, tungsten, titanium thiab lwm yam kuj siv rau hauv kev lag luam. Cov hlau no tsuas yog siv los ua cov khoom siv ntxiv los txhim kho cov khoom ntawm cov hlau. Ntawm lawv, tungsten, titanium, molybdenum, thiab lwm yam feem ntau yog siv los tsim cov cemented carbide rau cov cuab yeej txiav.
Cov hlau uas tsis yog-ferrous saum toj no yog hu ua cov hlau ua lag luam, ntxiv rau cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig: platinum, kub, nyiaj, thiab lwm yam thiab cov hlau tsis tshua muaj, suav nrog cov xov tooj cua uranium, radium, thiab lwm yam.
Tsis zoo li cov hlau ferrous, cov alloys no yog ductile thiab sib dua, ua rau lawv haum rau kev lag luam uas yuav tsum tau muaj zog tab sis hnyav txwv, xws li kev lag luam aerospace.
Stainless
Hlau
Ua tau
Kub
Cov khoom no muaj cov khoom sib txawv thiab feem ntau yog cov hlau ntshiab lossis cov hlau tsis muaj hlau. Magnetically, lawv feem ntau tsis yog magnetic. Ntxiv nrog rau cov hlau tsis muaj hlau xws li txhuas, tooj liab, txhuas, zinc, thiab tin, cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig xws li kub, nyiaj, thiab lwm yam kuj suav nrog thiab feem ntau yog siv rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj.Cov hlau tsis muaj hlau yog tam sim no siv rau hauv kev tsim kho, ua cov cuab yeej, cables, tsheb cav, kav dej, ntim, thiab txawm tias cov tais diav.
npua hlau, hlau thiab wrought hlau
hais txog hlau
Hlau yog cov khoom siv hlau nrog hlau ua lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, cov ntsiab lus carbon feem ntau qis dua 2%, thiab lwm yam. Cov ntsiab lus carbon hauv chromium hlau yuav ntau dua 2%, tab sis 2% feem ntau yog cov kab sib faib ntawm cov hlau thiab cam khwb cia hlau. Hais lus nruj me ntsis, steel yog hlau-carbon alloy nrog cov ntsiab lus carbon ntawm 0.0218% thiab 2.11%. Universally, peb hu nws steel ua ke nrog hlau. Txhawm rau kom ntseeg tau tias nws cov tawv thiab plasticity, cov ntsiab lus carbon feem ntau tsis tshaj 1.7%. Ntxiv rau cov hlau thiab carbon, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlau muaj xws li silicon, manganese, sulfur, phosphorus, thiab lwm yam. Lwm cov khoom xyaw yog siv los sib txawv cov khoom steel.
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Cov pa roj carbon (C) |
muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov hlau thiab yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hardening caij, pab kom lub zog ntawm cov hlau. |
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Chromium (Cr) |
nce hnav tsis kam, hardness thiab corrosion kuj. Cov hlau nrog chromium cov ntsiab lus ntau dua 13% yog suav tias yog stainless hlau. |
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Manganese (Mn) |
yog ib qho tseem ceeb austenite stabilizing caij uas pab tsim cov qauv kev ntxhib los mos, ua kom muaj zog thiab muaj zog nrog rau hnav tsis kam. |
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Molybdenum (hli) |
yog suav tias yog carbonizing tus neeg sawv cev. Nws tiv thaiv cov hlau los ntawm kev ua nkig thiab tuav lub zog ntawm cov hlau ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. |
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Nickel (Ni) |
tuav lub zog, corrosion kuj, thiab toughness. |
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Silicon (Si) |
pab tsim kom muaj zog. Zoo li manganese, silicon yog siv thaum lub sij hawm tsim cov hlau los tuav nws lub zog. |
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Tungsten (W) |
txhim khu kev hnav tsis kam. Tungsten yog tov nrog chromium los yog manganese ntawm cov proportions tsim nyog los ua high-ceev hlau. |
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Vanadium (V) |
txhim khu kev hnav tsis kam thiab ductility. |
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Phosphorus (P) |
yog ib qho teeb meem uas txo cov plasticity thiab toughness ntawm hlau thiab ua rau txias brittleness. Nws tuaj yeem txhim kho lub zog ntawm cov hlau thiab txhim kho kev ruaj ntseg ntawm atmospheric corrosion. Cov ntsiab lus yuav tsum txwv tsawg dua 0.05%. |
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Sulfur (S) |
Feem ntau, sulfur yog ib qho teeb meem uas ua rau kom cov hlau brittleness, thiab cov ntsiab lus yuav tsum raug txwv kom tsawg dua {{0}}.05%. Txawm li cas los xij, cov hlau tsis pub dawb muaj cov ntsiab lus sulfur siab, uas tuaj yeem ncav cuag 0.08% ~ 0.40%. |
kev faib
Cov hlau me me tau yooj yim lees txais ntau yam kev ua haujlwm xws li forging, vuam thiab txiav, thiab feem ntau siv los ua cov saw hlau, rivets, bolts, shafts, thiab lwm yam.
Cov pa roj carbon nruab nrab suav nrog cov hlau tua (tua hlau yog hais txog cov hlau deoxidized tag nrho, uas yog, feem ntau ntawm cov pa oxygen tsis tshaj {{0}}}01%, feem ntau yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm {{7} }.002% thiab 0.003%), semi-tua steel, boiling steel thiab lwm yam khoom. Dhau li ntawm carbon, nws kuj muaj ib tug me me ntawm manganese (0.70% ~ 1.20%). Nws muaj cov thermal ua haujlwm zoo thiab kev ua haujlwm txiav, tab sis nws qhov kev ua haujlwm vuam tsis zoo.
Cov pa roj carbon ntau yog feem ntau hu ua cov cuab yeej hlau, thiab nws cov ntsiab lus carbon ntau ntawm ntau dua {{0}}.60% mus rau 1.70%. Hammers, crowbars, thiab lwm yam yog ua los ntawm cov hlau nrog cov ntsiab lus carbon ntawm 0.75%; tej cuab yeej xws li xyaum xyaum, reamers, thiab lwm yam. yog ua los ntawm steel nrog ib tug carbon ntsiab lus ntawm 0.90% mus rau 1.00%.Dab tsi ntxiv, hlau-carbon alloys nrog cov ntsiab lus carbon ntawm 2.1% mus rau 4.5% feem ntau hu ua cam khwb cia hlau.
